History of Film
|
The first film/motion graphic that was created is 'The horse in motion" in 1878. To create it they used multiple cameras setup to take photos at certain points and then they assembled them all together afterwards to create a 'motion graphic'. Then in 1888 a 2.11 second 'short film' called 'Roundhay Garden Scene' was created and is the oldest surviving film. The first intentions of capturing series of images to create a 'video' was to explore how moments could be captured and is further supported by the names of the films which label where they are. |
Two of the first pioneers of film were the Lumiere brothers. They made their first films in 1896 which totalled over 40 by the end of the year. Each of them were filmed at 16 frames per second and consisted of everyday life in France. To capture their films they used a self made invention called 'The Cinematographe' to improve on the current Kinetograph. Once completed in 1895 it was a lot smaller and lighter than the kinetograph, but also filmed at a slower rate of 16fps than the 48fps of the Edison's device, which caused it to be a lot quieter and use less film. The main aspect of it which revolutionised how films were recorded was the mechanism which moved the film through the camera. It allowed the film to be moved through the Cinematographe smoothly, then retracted. This enabled the film to not move when it was being exposed. This is what caused it to be considered the first viable film camera. |
Georges Melies, a professional magician and managing director for a theatre was one of the first people to watch the Lumiere brothers work in Paris. When watching them he could see their future possibilities. He then set out to do so by buying a camera, creating a glass studio, gathering actors, creating sets and writing scripts to film stories. While filming he discovered and used camera tricks which we consider the basics today, such as stop motion, dissolving and fading out. From his work in film and on the techniques above he is now considered one of the innovators of the use of special effects. |
Edwin S Porter was an american film director born in April 1870. In 1891 he helped to invent a piece of equipment which would allow the light intensity of electric lights to be varied. This therefore improved the equipment used in films and made lighting the set far more simple/easier. From this, later on in the early 1900s Edwin moved to practice continuity editing. From looking at other filmmakers work and from copies that were created illegally for distribution, he learnt their processes. He then went on to create 'The Great Train Robbery' which is widely thought to be one of the first films with such innovative use of dramatic editing to allow the film to flow flawlessly. |
Alfred Hitchcock was born on the 13th August 1899. Throughout his career he became to be know as the 'Master of Suspense' from his work on films such as 'The 39 Steps' and ' Psycho'. He developed many techniques within film which innovated how they were created. One of the techniques he used is the use of orchestration with images. It consists of using different distances of shots to create shock and tension. For example by having a long wide shot cut to a close up is very sudden and helps to create a 'jump' and shock the audience even without audio to support it. Then in Psycho, he took a cinematic approach and used his technique 'Hitchcock Montage' in the shower murder scene. This consisted of lots of close up small shots cut together to covey what is happening to the audience without using a wide shot to show everything. This keeps the tension high and help to add pace to the scene. |
Orson Welles was born May 6th 1915. He started off as a very talented child and was a natural performer. Early on he could play the violin, piano, act, paint and draw. He would also set up shows of Shakespeare's plays for his friends, showing off his passion for showmanship and acting very early on. As he grew up he continued to peruse his passion getting parts in theatre shows and places on the radio. He then went on in 1941 to produce, co-script and act in the film 'Citizen Kane' which is widely considered to be one of the best films from Hollywood. What mate Citizen Kane so popular was the use of camerawork within the film. For example, one techniques that has made a large contribution to film as we know it was the use of 'deep focus'. This is where everything in the frame is in focus. To do this, it required a lot of perimeters such as lighting, camera lens and the composition to be changed and moved around to perfect it. |
Development of Technology
Camera:
Since when the camera first came into use in 1888 with the introduction of 'The Kodak', significant technological advancements have been made which have revolutionised how we now film and watch films.
1888 - The Kodak - First camera to be able to record film
Early 20th Century - Bell & Howell 2709 standard 35mm - With this new camera they standardised all their equipment they manufactured to run according to 35mm film as there wasn't yet a standard size between film manufactures yet. From this they went on to standardise the whole film industry with it, as by 1919 the majority of the industry was using Bell & Howell equipment.
Bolex H16 - Didnt match in quality to some of the industry cameras of its time, but was able to be bought at a reasonable price for everyday consumers who aspired to create films. This camera was one of the first to be widely available to the public to purchase due to its lower price.
Super Panavision 70 - Spherical lens based camera system. Allowed for a large image size which still stands up against some digital films today.
IMAX - first used in the 1970s. Could use film sizes multiple times larger than the typical 70mm. It allowed for high quality recording, being roughly similar to what 12K would be on a digital camera.
1888 - The Kodak - First camera to be able to record film
Early 20th Century - Bell & Howell 2709 standard 35mm - With this new camera they standardised all their equipment they manufactured to run according to 35mm film as there wasn't yet a standard size between film manufactures yet. From this they went on to standardise the whole film industry with it, as by 1919 the majority of the industry was using Bell & Howell equipment.
Bolex H16 - Didnt match in quality to some of the industry cameras of its time, but was able to be bought at a reasonable price for everyday consumers who aspired to create films. This camera was one of the first to be widely available to the public to purchase due to its lower price.
Super Panavision 70 - Spherical lens based camera system. Allowed for a large image size which still stands up against some digital films today.
IMAX - first used in the 1970s. Could use film sizes multiple times larger than the typical 70mm. It allowed for high quality recording, being roughly similar to what 12K would be on a digital camera.
Editing
Back in 1895 editing was different to how it is today. Because films were filmed on film it wouldn't be possible to plug it into a computer and edit it even if the technology was available to them. Therefore instead the only way to edit the film was to physically cut the film in two and tape it to the next section. This was a very slow process and took a long time to complete. Whereas digital editing is a lot faster and easier to do. It allows the editor to undo changes that they have made, unlike with analogue editing. It also it very simple to do, so virtually anyone can do from most devices such as a phone, computer, tablet etc... |
|
1900 - post WW2 movie studios, not much competition (5 major studios, MGM, Warner Brothers, 20th Century Fox, Universal, Paramount Pictures. - In those times starts were under contract/salary. told which films they would be in. Studios would earn lost from it. In those days studios would own the theatres. They had control of what was shown which stopped smaller producing companies from showing their work to audiences. After WW2 studios told by government to give up theatre chains (ownership). Then the TV was introduced commercially and companies like NBC and CBS put radio shows on TV which became very popular and started to go up against the film studios. Universal then became one of the main TV producing company for Hollywood as they moved with the change in the industry. |
Thomas Edison hired assistants in the first industrial research lab. With their help he went on to make many discoveries to technologies within film. Within a few years the team produces the kinetography; the first motion picture camera and the kinetoscope; a single person viewing device to watch movies. Although, before he had even created the devices he applied for patents to secure is name and design. He took a long roll of celluloid film and cuts holes round the edges. He then invented a stop and go devices with would pull the film forward and then stop for a second before it grabbed the next hole. Although the kinetography could only record inside a studio because it required electrical power to work and was too large to move around. Then with the kinetoscope, it only allowed one person to view the film at a time which limited the amount of people who could view it each day and would cause long waiting times for queuing customers. Edison and Dixon then built the firs film production studio together. They covered the walls with tar paper strips to make the subjects stand out against the background. They also built it on a circular railroad track and implemented a sunroof on it so that they could always position it to give the best light to film. |
|
|
1902 - A Trip to the Moon
A trip to the moon was one of the most famous films of its time. This was mainly due to its outreaches and advancements into special effects. It was one of the first science fiction films and had one of the largest budgets of its time. Although due to the films success it was a worthwhile choice. Its success caused it to make lots of revenue, although due to the laws at its time it was easy for people to duplicate it and sell it off under other names, stealing revenue from George Melies. 'A Trip to the Moon' was also one of the first films to incorporate a series of SFX and VFX into the production. Melies's use of SFX revolutionised film and set the stage for use of effects and their evolvement into what we see in films today |
|
1942 - Citizen Kane
Citizen Kane was considered one of best films of its time and many even believe of all time. At this stage in time film technology has advanced and allowed for the camera to be more portable to allow for moving shots. Although at this time, as can be seen in the clip to the left, shots in the film are quite long and there is minimal cuts. When there is cuts you can hear the change in audio due to the placement of the microphone etc.. This is shows that technology has come along to allow the camera to be in multiple places within one scene and still allow the narrative to flow, although it is still a way from making a the transitions smooth and unnoticeable. Furthermore the cameras of the time that are being used can only film in grey scale (black and white), although they are clearly of much higher resolution than their predecessors. Although one of the main aspects which makes Citizen Kane stand out against other films of its time is the camerawork. The shots are smooth and steady as the camera moves around without any noticeable shake. |
|
2017 - Dunkirk
The film Dunkirk is based on the real event that took place during WW2. Christopher Nolan carefully crafted it to match as closely to the real life event that took place attempting to capture what people who were there experienced. The whole film was captured using IMAX cameras which was a technical challenge, but resulted in a high resolution product perfect for cinematic viewing which helped to make it feel real to the audience. Throughout the film Christopher Nolan tried to film as much as possible of the film on set and use as little VFX as possible to further perfect the realism of it. Due to advancements in filming equipment since the start of film, equipment available made it possible for scenes such as the dogfights to be filmed live. A profound cinematographer Van Hoytema said "In many ways it was the most challenging film I have ever worked on" when referring to how Nolan wanted to film as much of the film in-camera rather than in post. Furthermore, a veteran who experienced Dunkirk, Ken Sturdy, watched the premiere of Dunkirk and said "It was just like I was there again". This shows how far film technology has come to allow us to recreate events so realistically that its as if we have been put into the event. |
VFX in Films Today
Visual Effects have come a long way since they were introduced into film. The advancements in technology have allowed us to create realistic sets and scenes that would be impossible to recreate in real life. One of the major examples of a film which heavily uses visual effects is 'Gravity'. The film itself is mostly set in space, and filming scenes in space would be near impossible. Therefore the location was created with visual effect. In the film, around 98% of the shots were created using visual effects therefore making it nearly completely comprised of computer generated frames. Even with it being comprised of 98% digitally created shots, the advancements in technology allow it to work successfully due to the realism that can be created. |
|
Essay
history_of_film_essay.docx | |
File Size: | 19 kb |
File Type: | docx |
Bibliography
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Lumiere brothers | Biography, Inventions, Movies, & Facts. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lumiere-brothers [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
HISTORY. (2019). The Lumière Brothers, Pioneers of Cinema. [online] Available at: https://www.history.com/news/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Hutchinson, P. (2019). A window on infinity: rediscovering the short films of the Lumière brothers. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/23/rediscovering-lumiere-brothers-early-cinema-pioneers [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Historyofinformation.com. (2019). "Roundhay Garden Scene": The Earliest Surviving Film : History of Information. [online] Available at: http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3981 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Heads Up by Boys' Life. (2019). What Was the First Movie Ever Made?. [online] Available at: https://headsup.boyslife.org/what-was-the-first-movie-ever-made/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Georges Melies | Biography, Films, & Facts. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Melies [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Georges Méliès - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0617588/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Vox. (2019). How Georges Méliès’ films are still influencing cinema, more than 100 years later. [online] Available at: https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/5/3/17311222/georges-melies-google-doodle-trip-moon-conquest-pole-effects [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Edwin S. Porter | American director. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-S-Porter [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Edwin S. Porter - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0692105/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Sparknotes.com. (2019). SparkNotes: Citizen Kane: Filmic Elements. [online] Available at: https://www.sparknotes.com/film/citizenkane/section2/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Orson Welles - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000080/bio [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Orson Welles | Biography, Movies, & Facts. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orson-Welles [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
No Film School. (2019). 3 Cinematic Techniques Alfred Hitchcock Used to Make His Films Stand Out. [online] Available at: https://nofilmschool.com/2017/07/3-cinematic-techniques-hitchcock-uses-make-his-films-stand-out [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Indie Film Hustle®. (2019). 6 Filmmaking Techniques Alfred Hitchcock Used to Create Suspense - IFH. [online] Available at: https://indiefilmhustle.com/hitchcock-create-suspense/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Biography. (2019). Alfred Hitchcock. [online] Available at: https://www.biography.com/filmmaker/alfred-hitchcock [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Alfred Hitchcock - The Paramount years: Rear Window to North by Northwest. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Hitchcock/The-Paramount-years-Rear-Window-to-North-by-Northwest [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Alfred Hitchcock - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000033/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
National Museum of American History. (2019). Original Kodak Camera, Serial No. 540. [online] Available at: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_760118 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Beat: A Blog by PremiumBeat. (2019). Important Cameras of Cinematic History. [online] Available at: https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/important-cameras-cinematic-history/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Hollywood Reporter. (2019). How 'Dunkirk' Took Imax Cameras Where They'd Never Gone Before. [online] Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/how-dunkirk-took-imax-cameras-theyd-never-gone-before-1023705 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
HistoryvsHollywood.com. (2019). Dunkirk Movie vs. the True Story of the WW2 Dunkirk Evacuation. [online] Available at: http://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/dunkirk/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Independent. (2019). Dunkirk veteran in tears at film premiere: 'It was just like I was there again'. [online] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunkirk-film-premiere-christopher-nolan-veteran-tears-watch-harry-styles-cillian-murphy-tom-hardy-a7856456.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
VFX Voice Magazine. (2019). A TRIP TO THE MOON: A Blockbuster Restored - VFX Voice Magazine. [online] Available at: http://www.vfxvoice.com/a-trip-to-the-moon-a-blockbuster-restored/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Filmsite.org. (2019). Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902). [online] Available at: https://www.filmsite.org/voya.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Andrews, N. (2019). Orson Welles' Citizen Kane: What makes it the best film ever made?. [online] Slate Magazine. Available at: https://slate.com/human-interest/2011/05/orson-welles-citizen-kane-what-makes-it-the-best-film-ever-made.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Bradshaw, P. (2019). Citizen Kane and the meaning of Rosebud. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/25/citizen-kane-rosebud [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
ALFRED HITCHCOCK ON 3 THEORIES OF FILM EDITING. (2015). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJQE7Kv-9JU [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019].
The First Movie Camera: Crash Course Film History #2. (2017). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKSmcmueTbA.
TEDx Talks (2014). The film industry today | Frank Smith | TEDxChapmanU. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvrnHLOXABc [Accessed 9 Apr. 2019].
Open Culture (2016). A Trip to the Moon - the 1902 Science Fiction Film by Georges Méliès. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLVChRVfZ74 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2019].
Citizen Kane - The Union Forever! Scene (2/10) | Movieclips. (2017). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LX27W51kB0 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Dunkirk (IMAX) - No turning back for Fortis 1. (2017). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIs6Cux_8v8 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Conversation. (2020). Visual effects are changing cinema – but can the industry keep up?. [online] Available at: http://theconversation.com/visual-effects-are-changing-cinema-but-can-the-industry-keep-up-20262 [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020].
Foundationsofediting.blogspot.com. (2020). Analog VS Digital Film Editing. [online] Available at: http://foundationsofediting.blogspot.com/2015/03/analog-vs-digital-film-editing.html [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020].
HISTORY. (2019). The Lumière Brothers, Pioneers of Cinema. [online] Available at: https://www.history.com/news/the-lumiere-brothers-pioneers-of-cinema [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Hutchinson, P. (2019). A window on infinity: rediscovering the short films of the Lumière brothers. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/may/23/rediscovering-lumiere-brothers-early-cinema-pioneers [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Historyofinformation.com. (2019). "Roundhay Garden Scene": The Earliest Surviving Film : History of Information. [online] Available at: http://www.historyofinformation.com/detail.php?id=3981 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Heads Up by Boys' Life. (2019). What Was the First Movie Ever Made?. [online] Available at: https://headsup.boyslife.org/what-was-the-first-movie-ever-made/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Georges Melies | Biography, Films, & Facts. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Georges-Melies [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Georges Méliès - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0617588/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Vox. (2019). How Georges Méliès’ films are still influencing cinema, more than 100 years later. [online] Available at: https://www.vox.com/culture/2018/5/3/17311222/georges-melies-google-doodle-trip-moon-conquest-pole-effects [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Edwin S. Porter | American director. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Edwin-S-Porter [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Edwin S. Porter - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0692105/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Sparknotes.com. (2019). SparkNotes: Citizen Kane: Filmic Elements. [online] Available at: https://www.sparknotes.com/film/citizenkane/section2/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Orson Welles - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000080/bio [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Orson Welles | Biography, Movies, & Facts. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Orson-Welles [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
No Film School. (2019). 3 Cinematic Techniques Alfred Hitchcock Used to Make His Films Stand Out. [online] Available at: https://nofilmschool.com/2017/07/3-cinematic-techniques-hitchcock-uses-make-his-films-stand-out [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Indie Film Hustle®. (2019). 6 Filmmaking Techniques Alfred Hitchcock Used to Create Suspense - IFH. [online] Available at: https://indiefilmhustle.com/hitchcock-create-suspense/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Biography. (2019). Alfred Hitchcock. [online] Available at: https://www.biography.com/filmmaker/alfred-hitchcock [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Encyclopedia Britannica. (2019). Alfred Hitchcock - The Paramount years: Rear Window to North by Northwest. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alfred-Hitchcock/The-Paramount-years-Rear-Window-to-North-by-Northwest [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
IMDb. (2019). Alfred Hitchcock - IMDb. [online] Available at: https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0000033/bio?ref_=nm_ov_bio_sm [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
National Museum of American History. (2019). Original Kodak Camera, Serial No. 540. [online] Available at: https://americanhistory.si.edu/collections/search/object/nmah_760118 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Beat: A Blog by PremiumBeat. (2019). Important Cameras of Cinematic History. [online] Available at: https://www.premiumbeat.com/blog/important-cameras-cinematic-history/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Hollywood Reporter. (2019). How 'Dunkirk' Took Imax Cameras Where They'd Never Gone Before. [online] Available at: https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/behind-screen/how-dunkirk-took-imax-cameras-theyd-never-gone-before-1023705 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
HistoryvsHollywood.com. (2019). Dunkirk Movie vs. the True Story of the WW2 Dunkirk Evacuation. [online] Available at: http://www.historyvshollywood.com/reelfaces/dunkirk/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Independent. (2019). Dunkirk veteran in tears at film premiere: 'It was just like I was there again'. [online] Available at: https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/news/dunkirk-film-premiere-christopher-nolan-veteran-tears-watch-harry-styles-cillian-murphy-tom-hardy-a7856456.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
VFX Voice Magazine. (2019). A TRIP TO THE MOON: A Blockbuster Restored - VFX Voice Magazine. [online] Available at: http://www.vfxvoice.com/a-trip-to-the-moon-a-blockbuster-restored/ [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Filmsite.org. (2019). Voyage Dans La Lune (A Trip to the Moon) (1902). [online] Available at: https://www.filmsite.org/voya.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Andrews, N. (2019). Orson Welles' Citizen Kane: What makes it the best film ever made?. [online] Slate Magazine. Available at: https://slate.com/human-interest/2011/05/orson-welles-citizen-kane-what-makes-it-the-best-film-ever-made.html [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Bradshaw, P. (2019). Citizen Kane and the meaning of Rosebud. [online] the Guardian. Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/film/2015/apr/25/citizen-kane-rosebud [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
ALFRED HITCHCOCK ON 3 THEORIES OF FILM EDITING. (2015). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MJQE7Kv-9JU [Accessed 27 Nov. 2019].
The First Movie Camera: Crash Course Film History #2. (2017). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pKSmcmueTbA.
TEDx Talks (2014). The film industry today | Frank Smith | TEDxChapmanU. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QvrnHLOXABc [Accessed 9 Apr. 2019].
Open Culture (2016). A Trip to the Moon - the 1902 Science Fiction Film by Georges Méliès. YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLVChRVfZ74 [Accessed 15 Sep. 2019].
Citizen Kane - The Union Forever! Scene (2/10) | Movieclips. (2017). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2LX27W51kB0 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
Dunkirk (IMAX) - No turning back for Fortis 1. (2017). YouTube. Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fIs6Cux_8v8 [Accessed 17 Dec. 2019].
The Conversation. (2020). Visual effects are changing cinema – but can the industry keep up?. [online] Available at: http://theconversation.com/visual-effects-are-changing-cinema-but-can-the-industry-keep-up-20262 [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020].
Foundationsofediting.blogspot.com. (2020). Analog VS Digital Film Editing. [online] Available at: http://foundationsofediting.blogspot.com/2015/03/analog-vs-digital-film-editing.html [Accessed 6 Jan. 2020].